Last modified: 2020-12-26 by rob raeside
Keywords: civil ensign | naval ensign | claim | irredentism | reintegración marítima | reivindicación marítima |
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![[flag]](../images/b/bo~.gif)
image by Željko Heimer, 02 November 2016
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Bolivia has a Naval force (in fact more likely a river force).
That Naval Force (at first called Fuerza Fluvial y Lacustre (River
and Lake Force) was established on January 1963 (more as a “symbolic
Navy” since they lost that war and lost access to the sea). Then,
such Force evolved and changed its name on January 1966 to be the Fuerza
Naval Boliviana (Bolivian Naval Force) (still, the "Naval" title,
symbolic…) Since 1966 onwards, until 2013, such “Navy”
had a flag, thus, it is the Bolivian Navy flag.
Esteban Rivera, 15 April 2017
Recently, Bolivia changed its naval ensign.
Now, this ensign bear in the canton two flags: the
Bolivian one and the
whipala. No change in the blue zone and
in the 9 small yellow stars and the big yellow star.
Jaume Ollé, 01 November 2016
The original Naval Ensign was adopted as the
Ensign of the Naval Force in 1966. It was not at that time called a
Maritime Claim Flag, or anything similar. At some point since then, the
general design of the Naval Ensign started to be used as a Maritime Claim
Flag, and the concept of a Maritime Claim Flag became much more prominent
than the concept of a Naval Ensign or Flag of the Navy. (Note that the
Navy website has the Maritime
Claim Flag all over it, and never refers to a naval flag of any sort.) In
a similar time period, the design was modified to include the
wiphala alongside the national flag. Since the
Law passed last month, the idea of a Maritime Claim Flag is now legally
formalised with the new design, and the same design is also established as
the new Naval Ensign.
Jonathan Dixon, 16 April 2017
This flag appears to have replaced the flag
originally adopted as a Naval Ensign, but more recently has been
described and used more prominently as a Maritime Claim Flag, representing
the irrendentist claim to a maritime province.
Jonathan Dixon, 01 November 2016
The Bolivian Navy flag also represents (and was started to be called)
Bandera de Reintegración Marítima.
Esteban Rivera, 15 April 2017
The new version of the Bolivian Maritime Claim Flag, including the
official Wiphala alongside the national flag in the
canton, was given legislative status as a national symbol by the Bolivian
parliament on 27 March 2017:
Law No 290, the Law of the Maritime Claim Flag of the Plurinational
State of Bolivia institutes the flag as an emblem of the sentiment,
yearning and community spirit of the Bolivian people. It spells out the
symbolism — the blue represents the Pacific Ocean maritime zone;
the stripes of the national tricolour the independence heroes and the
preservation and consolidation of the state, the mineral riches, and the
fertility and hope of Bolivia; the wiphala the community system grounded
in equity, equality, harmony, solidarity and reciprocity; and the stars
Bolivia’s nine departments and historical Litoral
Department.
Jonathan Dixon, 13 April 2017
[Unlike the ensign adopted in 1966,] the new
approved legislation is actually a “maritime claim flag”. It
was colloquially known as Bandera de Reintegración Marítima
(Maritime Reintegration flag). The current flag in the recent legislation
is to be used also by the Navy, thus, making it official. That is:
both the current Ensign and the new flag are both different but related
and are to be official flags (the later is not the evolution of
the earlier).
Esteban Rivera, 14 April 2017
In terms of design and symbolism, the (newish) Maritime Claim Flag is
definitely an evolution of the (1966) Naval
Ensign. The website of the Bolivian Navy, both in 2011 and currently
on a page published in 2015, speaks of the two as being the same flag. As
I understand it, the recent legislation says the Maritime Claim Flag is
the Pabellón Oficial de la Armada Boliviana. Surely
this replaces the 1966 Pabellón de la Fuerza Naval Boliviana
and makes it obsolete? The change in title simply reflects the current
name of the Navy.
Jonathan Dixon, 15 April 2017
The colours of the national tricolour and the
wiphala are as defined elsewhere, [the 2017 law
indicates] the blue field Pantone 281C, and the stars Pantone 612C. The
proportions of the flag are 2:3, in particular 200 cm ×
300 cm, or 20 cm × 30 cm for car flags. The star
in the fly is in the centre of the bottom fly quadrant, while the nine
stars form a border round the two flags in the canton, along the inner
edge of the top hoist quadrant.
Jonathan Dixon, 13 April 2017
The flag is to be flown by government and educational institutions as
part of civic and cultural acts related to Bolivian maritime law, and
also every business day of March for government bodies, and every Monday
in March for educational institutions. More generally, the flag will be
raised by the civilian population (including foreigners who wish to) for
the Day of the Sea commemorations each year.
Jonathan Dixon, 13 April 2017
I note that while it was previously reported
that the colour of the field was described as azul celeste [sky
blue], this version of the decree specifies azul-mar [sea
blue].
Jonathan Dixon, 23 September 2016
I haven’t been able to find any details regarding an
official change to the flag. A Wikimedia Commons user has replaced the
old
Naval Ensign with the new flag, renaming the
old
one with the dates 1966-2013 (the user who named the file confirmed on
Facebook that his source was simply them fact that 2013 was the earliest
date that he had found for a photo of the flag including wiphala),
although the Wiphala version is visible
here
in 2011. It might have been used as early as the
2009 decree mandating use of the
Wiphala alongside the tricolour from government
buildings, schools, etc.
Jonathan Dixon, 23 September 2016 and 16 April 2017
What is not clear to me: When the wiphala was first included in either
flag, and whether this was before / at the same time as / after the early
uses of the flag as a “claim flag” as opposed to simply a
naval flag. Whether the original Naval Ensign (no
wiphala) continued to exist alongside the Claim Flag including wiphala
until 28 March 2017, either in actual use or legally. Legally, I haven’t
seen any evidence that the Ensign was formally changed before this year,
but I wouldn’t be surprised if that meant very little in practice.
This is complicated by the way that Navy website talks about the history
of the claim flag without acknowledging any change in design: It seems to
me that the Navy website writers viewed the Maritime Claim Flag as a
continuation of the 1966 ensign even before it was formalised, despite the
expanded usage and updated design.
Jonathan Dixon, 16 April 2017
There is a fair amount of press about use of this flag to support
Bolivia’s maritime access claim, especially since the establishment
of a directorate to pursue the claim in 2011 and the bringing of a
case to the International Court of Justice in 2013. However, the
relevant flag is no longer the one adopted in
1966, but a new one including the Wiphala.
The new version of the flag includes the Wiphala in the canton to the fly
side of the national tricolour, within the nine stars.
Jonathan Dixon, 23 September 2016
A 2015 report on the Navy website describes a vigil awaiting a ruling by the I.C.J., involving the hoisting of the flag on public buildings. It explains the flag as follows, ignoring the fact that the Wiphala is a recent inclusion:
La Bandera de Reintegración Marítima, emblema oficial de los bolivianos que presenta el firme propósito de recuperar el Litoral cautivo con el que Bolivia nació a la vida independiente. Creada por decreto Ley del 13 de Abril de 1966, durante la Presidencia del Gr.al Ej.to Alfredo Ovando Candia. Tiene las siguientes características: Campo azul–mar en el ángulo superior izquierdo la enseña nacional y la wiphala rodeada de nueve estrellas que representan a los departamentos del País y en el centro una estrella de mayor tamaño en representación del “Litoral”, el décimo Departamento de Bolivia.Jonathan Dixon, 23 September 2016
A large flag erected for
Día
del Mar 2016.The flag can also be seen in pictures from
Día del Mar 2013: large
flag hoisted and
handwaver
(discussion).
Jonathan Dixon, 23 September 2016
Obviously, numerous “imprecise” variations [of the
naval ensign] exist. And I guess that each batch of
these flags made is unique and different in details from any other.
Željko Heimer, 02 November 2016
I am guessing that there were not any official specifications until the
creation of the
recent
legislation. Even the
printable
version from the Navy website doesn’t seem to me to be
consistent with the description in the law.
Jonathan Dixon, 14 April 2017
When it comes to the stars, though, I haven’t found any examples
which follow the official construction of the
original flag in leaving a gap between the stars and the top/hoist.
There does seem to be some variation in how close the 9 stars are to the
flags in canton.
Jonathan Dixon, 01 November 2016
Here
is a large banner with a 6×7 Wiphala, which looks like it has
been made by simply folding the bottom row out of sight.
Jonathan Dixon, 01 November 2016
![[flag]](../images/b/bo~^16!.gif)
image by António Martins, 02 November 2016
A crop from the image at
this
article. It seems clear that these paper hand-wavers are an unofficial
variant. The versions used official appear to have the
standard 7×7 wiphala
(example).
Jonathan Dixon, 01 November 2016
These hand-wavers are probably
cheaply made, but judging from the amount of squares in the wiphala
(and if I have counted correctly), the two flags in the canton are not
square each.
Željko Heimer, 01 November 2016
The photo shows two handheld paper
flaglets. On the canton, by the hoist, the Bolivian
tricolor and the other filled with an extended
wiphala pattern with 9×7=63
squares. This has three full diagonals, instead of the usual one —
from the top: orange, yellow and white. The full spectrum used is green
- blue - purple - red - orange - yellow -
white (and again green and blue, to make nine rows); the shade of blue
seems to be the same as the one used for the main area of the flag.
António Martins, 01 November 2016
The design of these two handheld
flaglets contains indeed clearly includes those 9×7=63 squares
(and they are really squares, not tall oblong rectangles) and yet the two
areas of the canton are identical in size and ratio (which can be
ascertained also by looking at the five stars under it, presumed equal
and equidistant). This makes the canton not in the
former official 300:420 ratio
0.7̅1̅4̅2̅8̅5̅, but rather 9:(7+7) = 9:14 =
0.642857143.
António Martins, 01 November 2016
The presented paper handheld
flaglets show other differences compared with the
official version, namely the flat solid, non-faceted
design of the stars and their position around the canton (not unlike the
one reported variant of the previous
ensign).
The overall specs of the paper handheld flaglet seem to be something like
(18+27):(28+6+28), with the smaller stars being centered vertically
along the vertical midline of the cloth and arranged inside imaginary
rectangles with the same width as each of the tricolor stripes. The big
star seems to be centered on the fly area, defined as the reciprocal of
the canton.
António Martins, 01 November 2016
Is the repetition of the yellow stripe intentional in this context?
The history of landlocked Bolivia’s irredentist
claims on northern, coastal Chile and the very nature of this flag, a
naval ensign, makes me think that this is not mere chance nor a matter of
unavoidable geometry. While the very pattern would made it impossible to
avoid including along with the white diagonal another diagonal used in one
of the other three flags, the most balanced design would have the
“home” white diagonal (Qulla Suyu =
Bolivia) in the central position, flanked by both yellow
(Kunti Suyu) and green (Anti
Suyu) — therefore diffusing any serious allegation of hidden
irredentism.
António Martins, 01 November 2016
My instinct is that your possible explanation is a bit of a stretch, and
it’s more likely that someone started with yellow in the bottom
hoist corner, just as in the official wiphala
(Qulla Suyu). But it is true that no one waving
this flag is trying to avoid allegations of irredentism — both
in design and in use this flag is intended to present a claim on the
littoral province.
Jonathan Dixon, 01 November 2016
A simpler explanation occurred to me: the 9×7
“chessboard” as arranged in those paper flaglets
is the only possible one that avoids that either of the three stripes
touch a square of the same color. If anyone notices that this design gives
unexpected primacy to the Kuntisuyu flag and not
only to the Qullasuyu flag, as pointed out, that
could be seen as a good thing.
António Martins, 02 November 2016
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