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Iroquois Confederacy (U.S. and Canada)

Native American - First Nation

image by Kjell Roll Elgsaas, 3 October 1997		image by Maqtewékpaqtism, 31 May 2001

The band
The flag
Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario
Mohawks of Kahnawa:ke

See also:

The Band

map image by Peter Orenski based on input from Don Healy

Six Nations make up the famous Confederacy, located in the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada. Formed around 1570, the Confederacy, or Iroquois League, originally comprised five Tribes, from east to west: the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. In the early 1700s a sixth Tribe, the Tuscarora, migrated from North Carolina to the border regions between New York and Pennsylvania and united with the original five Tribes in 1722.

Known among themselves as the Hodinoshone, or "People of the Long House", the Iroquois League dominated its neighbors, drawing strength from its unity (ENAT, 103-107). From earliest times, this unity was symbolized by a wampum belt fashioned in a pattern that has become known as "Hiawatha's Belt". (Wampum are beads made from whelk and clam shells strung on twine made from plant fiber and sinew. Either as individual strands or as fashioned into belts, wampum was valued highly and given as gifts or exchanged ceremonially.) Each Tribe in the Confederacy had a unique wampum belt. For example, the Tuscarora belt was white and bore four stripes of the blue-purple shells (Map of Iroquois Lands, n.d.). Hiawatha's Belt depicted five figures (AIDD, plate 18). In the center was what to some is a heart, to others is a great or sacred tree under which the Iroquois met in council. On either side of the central device were two differently-sized squares or rectangles, connected to one other and to the central device by a narrow band. The belt records the native interpretation of the League's formation.

Š Donald Healy 2008

The Flag

Of all Native American flag symbols, none has a longer history of representing its people than does Hiawatha's Belt of the Iroquois Confederacy - over 400 years. The five devices symbolize the five original Tribes: the Seneca, "keepers of the western door"; the Cayuga, "people of the marsh" and "keepers of the Great Pipe"; the Onondaga, "name bearers" who kept the wampum belt that contained the history of the Iroquois; the Oneida, "stone people" symbolized by the Great Tree; and lastly the Mohawk, "keepers of the eastern door".

In the last thirty years, the unity of the Iroquois Nations has grown stronger. Several confrontations between Iroquois and the governments of Quebec and New York have increased Iroquois self-awareness, leading to the re-emergence of "Hiawatha's Belt" as a symbol of the Iroquois. Thus in modern times, what was once a wampum belt has been reborn as a flag. Seen in both Canada and the United States, the blue or purple flag bearing the symbol of the unity of the five Nations has become a rallying symbol for Iroquois of all Tribes (Karoniaktajeh [Louis Hall], "Ganienkeh", The Flag Bulletin, XVI:4, July/Aug. 1977, cover & 108-111).

Š Donald Healy 2008
information provided by Peter Orenski, 8 January 2008

Haudenosaunee (People of the Long House)
Ongwehonweh (Original People), Iroquois Confederacy, Six Nations

The Haudenosaunee (People of the Long House, aka Iroquois Confederacy) flag represents the original Five Nations that were united in peace by the Peacemaker. The Five Nations includes:
Shotinontowane'ha:ka (People of the Great Hill, aka Seneca)
Kayonkwe'ha:ka (People of the Great Swamp, aka Cayuga)
Ononta'keha:ka (People of the Hills, aka Onondaga)
Kanien'kehá:ka (People of the Flint, aka Mohawk)
Onyota'a:ka (People of the Standing Stone, aka Oneida)

The pine tree symbol in the middle represents a White Pine. If you look at a White Pine you will notice that the needles are clustered in groups of five. The design comes from what is known as the Aiionwatha (Hiawatha) wampum belt. Today the Haudenosaunee is also known as the Six Nations, with the addition of the Taskaroraha:ka (Shirt Wearing People, aka Tuscarora) as a non-voting member in 1722.
Maqtewékpaqtism, 31 May 2001

The Iroquois in Ontario and Quebec use the Iroquois League flag.
Kjell Roll Elgsaas - 10 December 1997

They mainly use their nation's flag, the Mohawk flag, though the Six Nations' Iroquois League flag can be seen once in a while.
Luc-Vartan Baronian - 10 December 1997

I don't think the Tuscarora (NY) use a local flag, they use the "Iroquois Six Nations flag" which can be seen in photos:
https://niagarafallsreporter.com/cover10.18.11.html and https://www.facebook.com/TuscaroraWoodWorks/
Janis Lasmanis, 31 May 2020

During the last few years I have collected several images I labelled "flag" for the Six Nations. Below are four images from my archive. If you have any information, please share. The only information I know for sure, is that the last flag is a touristic and sport brand flag of the Six Nations.

image collected by Valentin Poposki, 31 October 2022

Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario

The Six Nations consist of the Mohawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, Onondaga and Tuscarora. The main reserve is located approximately 25 km southwest of the city of Hamilton, Ontario between the cities of Brantford, Caledonia, and Hagersville.
It appears that the Six Nations have no flag of their own, but use the Iroquois flag (https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/xa-iroqu.html).
http://www.sixnations.ca/
Ben Cahoon, 9 May 2020

Mohawks of Kahnawa:ke

Mohawks of Kahnawa:ke - for official purposes, the Six Nations flag is used.
Janis Lasmanis, 21 July 2019