German Empire 1871-1918

deutsches reich 1871-1918

Last modified: 2013-11-20 by pete loeser
Keywords: german empire | deutsches reich | iron cross |
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2:3  Image by António Martins
Flag adopted 16 Apr 1871, gradually abandoned since 1919, abolished 31 Dec 1921

• Introduction
• Civil Flag and Ensign/National and Merchant Flag - National-und Handelsflagge
• Iron Cross - Eisernes Kreuz
• State Ensign 1893-1918/State Service Ensign of the Imperial Navy - Reichsdienstflagge der Kaiserliche Marine
• State Flag 1893-1919/State Flag for Other Imperial Administrative Branches - Reichsdienstflagge für Übrige Verwaltungszweige des Reichs
• Detail of German Arms 1888.
• Imperial Eagle Flag - Reichsadlerflagge
• Flags and Ensigns of Public Departments - Introduction
• Hired Transport Ensign - for vessels hired for Cargo Works, etc
• Custom House Flag.
• Royal Mail Vessel Ensign. - also see "Postal Flags 1867-1892" (below)
• Other Royal Vessel Ensign - for vessels belonging to Department of Trade
• Jacks - Introduction
• Hired Transport Jack - for vessels hired for Cargo Works, etc.
• Custom House Jack
• Royal Mail Vessel Jack
• Other Royal Vessel Jacks - for vessels belonging to Department of Trade.

• Clickable map of Germany (as of 1871)
• North German Confederation 1867-1870 - Norddeutscher Bund
• German Historical Flags
• Index of all German Pages

Introduction

The Second Reich Germany (1870-1918) was a strange federal monarchy. Over the course of the 19th century, the Kingdom of Prussia grew to become the most powerful of the various German states. After Prussian victory over France in 1870, its position was strong to declare a German Empire (Deutsches Reich) that included all of the German states outside of Austria-Hungary. The King of Prussia was also the German Emperor (Deutscher Kaiser); however, those other German states that had survived until 1870 as independent retained some of their former government structure, though subordinated to the overall Reich government. The monarchs of Saxony, Württemberg, and other monarchies retained their position and royal status. Even Republican city-states like Hamburg that were absorbed retained their Free and Hanseatic City designation, as they do to this day, although the monarchies were all abolished after the First World War.
Joshua Fruhlinger, 27 Mar 1997

Civil Flag and Ensign
National and Merchant Flag
National- und Handelsflagge

The schwarz-weiß-rot (black-white-red) German imperial flag was adopted by the North German Confederation in 1867, as a combination of the black-white of Prussia and the red-white of the Hanseatic League and/or of Brandenburg. In 1871 it was adopted as merchant flag for the German Empire, and in 1892 promoted to national flag.
Norman Martin, 1998

I am not sure as to an exact definition of the "national flag". It was used in an assortment of ways: at parliaments, schools and occasions where it represented the whole country - sort of like the Union Jack. On all of Germany, the national flags were 1848-1852 (more or less) black-red-gold. After c.1891, the black-white-red. Under the Weimar republic, black-red-gold, etc. Note that it was not quite either civil, state or war flag. I have tried to use the expression as a translation of Nationalflagge.
Norman Martin, 25 Jul 2000

Used "at parliaments, schools and occasions where it represented the whole country" - I guess that is what a civil flag is.
Norman Martin, 26 Jul 2000

     With the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, the black-white-red flag of the North German League was maintained, Art. 55 of the Imperial Constitution of 16 April 1871 has the same reading as that of the North German League: "Die Flagge der Kriegs-und Handelsmarine ist schwarz-weiß-rot" (the flag of the navy and merchant fleet is black-white-red).
     This flag was declared to be the national flag 8 November 1892 and continued in use until after the fall of the monarchy. During the National Assembly that established the Weimar Republic there was nearly as much support for continuing it as for establishing the black-red-gold flag which eventually was established by the adoption of the Constitution 11 August 1918 (in effect 14 August). The provision of the Flag Ordinance of 11 April 1921, however, allowed the use of the old flags, presumably including this one, until the end of the year. In short one could regard the black-white-red flag to have been de facto replaced with the earliest use of the black-red-gold (or red) flags late in 1918, or by the Weimar Constitution (and first flag ordinance) in 1919 or by the final date of the Flag Ordinance of 1921. (It was readopted by the Nazi government in 1933, but again abolished by the flag law in 1935.)
     Source: my series of contributions to FOTW on the flags of the German Empire of 1998, much material from the article I wrote with Rüdiger Dreyhaupt (Martin and Dreyhaupt 1999) and some other material.
     Illustrations (only major vexillological sources): Martin and Dreyhaupt 1999, no. 15; Crampton 1990, p. 42 (which is a copy of Meyers Konversationslexikon 1912, vol. 4, facing p. 799) no. 1; Znamierowski 1999, p. 48; Smith 1975, p. 121.
Norman Martin, 26 Jan 2001

Iron Cross
Eisernes Kreuz

Image by Marcus Schmöger
Note: this model of the Iron Cross appears on naval rank flags

The Iron Cross was a Prussian order first established by King Frederick William III on 10th March 1813 for military valour or patriotic service in the 1813-15 war against Napoleon. It was revived in 1871 for the Franco-Prussian war and in 1914 for the First World War. It was also revived as a German order in 1939 by Hitler. Except for the formal meaning, there is no official significance, although it may have been inspired to some degree by the cross of the Teutonic Knights which is superficially similar.
Norman Martin, 15 Apr 1990

State Ensign 1893-1918
Reichsdienstflagge der Kaiserliche Marine

2:3  Image by Martin Grieve, 20 Sep 2008
Flag adopted 20 Jan 1893, abolished 1 Jan 1922

Source: Alfred Znamierowski: "The World Encyclopedia of Flags, 1999."
Martin Grieve, 20 Sep 2008

Like the Foreign Office state flag, but instead of the eagle a golden crowned anchor in the disc. Flown by naval vessels not entitled to fly the war ensign. Adopted 1893 and abandoned by 1921. Illustrated in Crampton 1990 p. 42 (which is a copy of Meyers Konversationslexikon 1912, vol. 4, facing p. 799) and National Geographic 1917 p. 367, no. 1000.
Norman Martin, 1998

The state ensign was adopted by the Bekanntmachung (decree) of 20 January 1893, which read "ratio 2:3, central white disk 5/9ths of height, the red is light Zinnoberrot (brick red or English red, today we might say vermillion), the yellow is dark (golden yellow)". It was possibly abolished in the Constitution of 11 August 1919, which only mentions Reichsfarben (national colours) and Handelsflagge (civil ensign). A new state ensign was introduced by the Verordnung (decree) of 11th April 1921, but as this decree also says that former flags could be used until 1 January 1922, it might be possible that the state ensign was in use until this date.
Ralf Stelter, 8 Feb 2001

State Flag 1893-1919

2:3  Image by Martin Grieve, 20 Sep 2008
Used between 1893-1921

Other National Administrative Branches (Übrige Verwaltungszweige des Reichs) flew a flag like the Foreign Office state flag, but instead of the eagle an Imperial crown in gold. Flown by government vessels not qualified to fly the [war] ensign or any of the Foreign Office ensigns. Adopted 1893 and abandoned by 1921. Illustrated in Crampton 1990 p. 42 (which is a copy of Meyers Konversationslexikon 1912, vol. 4, facing p. 799), National Geographic 1917 p. 367, no. 1010.
Norman Martin, 1998

An improved image of the State flag of Germany from 1893 - 1918. The image is dramatically improved by the finer details.
Source: Alfred Znamierowski: "The World Encyclopedia of Flags, 1999."
Martin Grieve, 20 Sep 2008

Detail of German Arms 1888

Image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008
(click on image for better view, but don't fall off your chair)

Imperial Eagle Flag
Reichsadlerflagge

image sent by Tom Dietsche, 11 Sep 2006
Not an official flag

I am trying to identify this flag, which I think is some type of Prussian Flag. It appears that someone has hand-sewn a red piece on the bottom of what was a black/white/red flag. Is this what is called a ‘crowned eagle’?
Tom Dietsche, 11 Sep 2006

This is one of the banners that decorated the lamp poles on one occasion only, and that was for the Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1859-1941, Emperor of Germany and King of Prussia. He succeeded Fredrich I and this Coronation was in June of 1888. All streets of Berlin were decked out in such trapping. Wilhelm II was crowned 15 June 1888. The arms can also be found in Leonhardt's Das grosse Buch der Wappenkunst, 1978, p. 191 - Kaiserliches Wappen Wilhelms II. 1888-1918. The quartered small inescutcheon is from the Zollern Arms of 1248. The chain is from the Order of the Black Eagle. The floating crown is the Imperial Crown. Only the Emperor was allowed to use the eagle-escutcheon.
Jarig Bakker, 11 Sep 2006

The described flag is the so-called "Reichsadlerflagge" (Imperial eagle flag). A very famous  flag used for decoration only. Not an official flag, anyone was allowed to use it. This is was not a Prussian flag, it's a German flag used between 1871 and 1918. You can find more information (if you read German) and pictures at my Eine frühe Variante der Reichskolonialflagge? (An early variant of the Imperial colonial flag?).
Jörg M. Karaschewski, 11 Sep 2006

Flags and Ensigns of Public Departments - Introduction

In both the "Admiralty book of flags" (1889 ed.) and "Album des Pavillons," also (1889 ed.), some German flags which are not mentioned on FOTW are illustrated. In the British Volume, these flags appear below the sub-title "Public departments" with a note mentioning that "The following Badges are placed upon the Ensign as shewn below." Four enlarged details are then illustrated and are titled as follows:

1. Hired Transports, Vessels for Cargo Works etc.
2. Custom House.
3. Royal Mail Vessels.
4. Other Royal Vessels belonging to Department of Trade.

Just to clarify my presumption on the abolition date of 1892: There are 3 "landmark dates" that apply to flags of Imperial Germany and these are:

• 1871-1892
• 1892-1903
• 1903-1919

[Editorial Comment: Jacks are normally flown from the bow of a docked vessel while in port, and Ensigns are normally flown from the stern (rear) of a vessel while at sea. Flags are usually flown on land.]

Hired Transport Ensign
for vessels hired for Cargo Works, etc.

Image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008

I found a similar flag in [sig12] flagchart 22 row 4 column 2, showing a Prussian eagle in the centre, an iron cross in the upper hoist and the four red crossed anchors in the lower hoist. It is underlined as Arbeiter Fahrzeuge p.p. der Marine 1863. Whatever that means, I believe it is a flag of non-combat vessels according to English terms probably denoted as "auxiliary vessels."
Klaus-Michael Schneider, 5 Oct 2008

Custom House Ensign

Image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008

Royal Mail Vessel Ensign

image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008

Other Royal Vessels Ensigns
for vessels belonging to Department of Trade

Image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008

Jacks - Introduction

In Hounsell's "Flags and signals of all Nations" published in 1873 the ensigns of the Public Departments are drawn, but the various devices that deface the lower left canton are shifted slightly toward the hoist as opposed to being centrally positioned within that real-estate. I do not know what the situation actually was for obvious reasons, but Album des Pavillons (1889) which was the French Naval Authority on  contemporary Vexillological matters illustrated those defacements as such.
The album proceeds to enlighten its audience that there were jacks for these departments, presumably flown from the front, but this raises a question: Where the ensigns are flown from the stern or would the flag that occupied that position have been the merchant vessels red-white-black, and if so, where would the defaced German ensign be situated?
The images below are jacks of:

1. Hired Transports, Vessels for Cargo Works etc.
2. Custom House.
3. Royal Mail Vessels.
4. Other Royal Vessels belonging to Department of Trade.

[Editorial Comment: Jacks are normally flown from the bow of a docked vessel while in port, and Ensigns are normally flown from the stern (rear) of a vessel while at sea. Flags are usually flown on land.]

Hired Transport Jack
for vessels hired for Cargo Works, etc.

Image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008

Custom House Jack

Image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008

Royal Mail Vessel Jack

Image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008

Other Royal Vessel Jack
for vessel belonging to Department of Trade

Image by Martin Grieve, 26 Sep 2008