Last modified: 2023-06-03 by 
zachary harden
Keywords: sulu | mindanao | castle | sultan khairam iii |
Links: FOTW homepage |
search |
disclaimer and copyright |
write us |
mirrors
![[Sulu, Philippines, old flag]](../images/p/ph_sulu3.png)
![[Sulu, Philippines, old flag]](../images/p/ph_sulu4.png)
by
Tony Jones, 9 May 2006See also:
Other sites:
The
Sultanate of Sulu (Philippines) existed from 1789 to 1940.
O. Myszor, 2 January 2002
Based on photos on
Royal Panji - Flags and Symbols of the
Royal Sultanates of Sulu - Ranao Area and Maguindanao, I've used the images to create some better proper images for
them.
Tony Jones, 9 May 2006
![[Sulu, Philippines, old flag]](../images/p/ph-sulu.gif)
by O. Myszor, 2 January 2002
I found a description of an old Sulu flag. The flag was white with the black sultan's arms (the Mecca doors) in the center. The flag was dated around 1863 and is supposed to have been adopted under the influence of Prussia. Now I have more information about the flag. Herve Calvarin, in the last issue of Franciae Vexilla,
quoted a similar flag (dated c.1780) as white with narrow black border and the
arms in it. The white is attributed to the Bourbons. After reading the article, I believe now that the white and black were probably the Sultan's colors (like other sultans in the area) without reference to France or Prussia. The current seal has two Spanish fortresses (according to Flag Bulletin) but Calvarin
thought that the fortress is in fact the Mecca doors.
Jaume Ollé, 20 September 1998
With the death of the last Sultan of Sulu the Philippine government has
refused to recognize an heir to the sultanate ever since.
Manuel L. Quezon III, 3 January 2002
The Sulu Sultanate existed before 1798; in 1675 there was a Sulu Islamic Empire formed by five territories : Kalimantan, Sabah, Palawan, Basilan
and Sulu. The symbols on the flag of Sulu represent the two towers at the entrance to the
city of Jolo not the Mecca doors nor the symbols of the Sultan, so this
representation is not correct.
Paolo Paddeu, 24 October 2005, 2 November 2005
The "door" on the symbol of
the province of Sulu is not the Mecca door, it is one of the entrance of Jolo
that was, under the Spanish a wallet city. The only meaning on the
representation of the door , with the two towers is to show one of the most
characteristic symbol of the City.
Paolo Paddeu, 1 August 2007
by Paolo Paddeu
The Muslim population of the southern Philippines, in the vast mosaic of peoples
of the Far East, is certainly not an exception when it comes to making flags of
various types and standards. From Sulu to Palawan and Mindanao (where the
Maranao utilization of flags, standards, and vexilloids is regulated by
traditional codes that describes forms, colors, ways and times for the use
of flags) flags have always played an important role; especially in the Sulu
archipelago that was the center of a sultanate, the "Islamic Empire of Sulu",
which rose in 1401 and achieved its highest glory towards 1675 and survived
until 1919. The first known flag of Sulu is that one described by some travelers
like the French naturalist, Sonnerat, who reported of his travel to Sulu between
1774 and 1781 spoke about a flag with "...white broadside of black and within
the center is the coat of arms of the Sultan that is Mecca's door..."
There are two hypotheses to the origins of the white and black colors of the Sulu Sultanate's flag. One believes that the white field represents the colors of the Bourbons of France, a country with which the Sultan of Sulu established privileged relationships and started negotiations in order to make to the Sultanate a French protectorate and to counter the Spanish hegemony in the area at the time. The other is that the white and the black colors of the Sulu Sultan's flag was a copy of a Prussian flag the Sultan may have seen on a Prussian ship traveling the Orient in 1763 and which may have touched the coasts of Sulu. However, neither of these hypotheses is supported by existing facts. The resemblance of the Sultanate's flag to both the Prussian and Bourbon (French and Spanish) flags are accidental. The black frame and the Sultanate's own symbols do not have any comparison with any European flags. But the Sultan's coat of arms that Sonnerat identifies as Mecca's door is actually the stylized grave markers of funeral monuments relating to two fundamental personages in the history of the sultanate of Sulu: Sultan Shariful Hashim, the first Sultan of Sulu who died in 1431 and Sharif Ali, known as Sultan Berkat of Brunei, who introduced the Islamic religion in Sulu and who died in 1432.
According to some scholars the coat of arms of the Sultan could not represent Mecca's door because until 1882 no Sultan of Sulu had any idea what the door looked like as it was only in that year that Sultan Badaruddin II went on a pilgrimage to the Holy City of Islam and was the first reigning of Sulu to complete this action. But this hypothesis is a little risky because the presence of missionaries from the Arabic Peninsula and the exchanges and trades between Sulu and the other countries carried in the archipelago news and information on the cradle of Islam and its most important temple and fantastic descriptions that rendered its glory.
Surprisingly, there are two other symbols that are similar but not identical to that found in the white flag with the black broadside. One is on the flag called "Moro Battle Flag " which dates back to the period of Sultan Sharafuddin (1791-1808). Other scholars believe they are as recent as 1899 to 1919. There are two considerations for these divergent dates. Between 1791 and 1808 the Sultanate was at its maximum splendor and extended its reign to five territories: Kalimantan, Sabah, Palawan, Basilan and Sulu. As many stars were put on the war flag. In homage to the traditions of the State, the coat of arms of the monarch was maintained which was inherited from the black and white flag used since 1433.
This hypothesis leave on the field various doubts on the fact that the present symbols on the "Moro Battle Flag" are the same of that one cited by Sonnerat. The two stylized grave markers appear to be two typical shields of the Sulu area. Moreover, also admitting that they are two grave markers they appear deprived of the pyramidal or triangular at the top and the reason is not understood. We can say that observing other Moro battle flags of the same age, the symbols with the shape of stylized shield are present in several positions and shapes, sometimes horizontally, sometimes diagonally. If it were true that they represent two grave markers of the Sultans, what is then the meaning of a grave marker placed horizontally or diagonally?
The other interpretation differs in a remarkable way from the previous one. It dates the flag to a more recent period of between 1899 to 1919. This is based on the modernity of the flag compared to the tradition, for the arrangement of the symbols and for the structure of it, with native figures placed on a flag of American appearance. In effect the use of the blue canton with stars, one for every territory is characteristic of the American imprint and could go back exactly to 1899, the year the U.S. went to Mindanao and Sulu. In the 1800s, various countries in the world used stars in the American style on their flags with the symbolic meaning of one star for every administrative division, after they came into contact either directly or indirectly with the United States. It is beyond question that the flags exist with a dozen discovered in a Spanish museum; other flags have already been catalogued and dated. Thus, the Sulu flag with stars can be placed at about this time frame with the stars probably symbolizing the Datus of the archipelago.
Anyway, with the fall of the Sultanate in 1919 and the abdication of the Sultan Jamalul Kiram II, the symbols and the flags of Sulu definitely disappeared. But even before this, the U.S. already stipulated in a treaty signed in 1899 with the Sultan that the Sultan stop flying his flag. Only recently the legitimate heir of the Sultan of Sulu, Muhammad Hadji Jamalul Kiram III ordered the realization of a new flag, coat of arms and logo. In 2001 during the ceremony of reconfirmation of the Sultan of Sulu and North Borneo, the new flag with the royal symbols were flown in the ceremonial hall.
The personal standard of the Sultan similar to the Kuwait flag, is yellow and green with a white crescent and five stars of the same color, and the same size, arranged in a cross shape and a kris named "Kalis seko " with its tip that touch the fly of the flag. The colors of the flag recall those of the Sultan and the Islam (see note 1) like the crescent, the stars in the number of five recall the five historical territories of the Sultanate (or Empire) of Sulu. The kris represents the male element and it is a symbol of warrior nobleness.
The coat of arms of the Sultan that seems like a decoration is similar to the symbol on the Filipino flag. It is composed of a sun with five gold rays, between one ray and the other there is a crescent overcome by a star, all in gold (yellow) color. At the center of the sun there is a green dish with the word "Allah"in white, written in Arabic. The Sultan's logo is composed of a stylized letter "K", green on a white field. K is for Kiram, the name of the royal family of the present Sultan recognized by the Ruma Bichara (Council of Datus) and by the Government of the Philippines. The letter K is charged by a gold crown who recall the royal role of the Kiram family. The same crown can be seen on some of the flags discovered recently in Spain.
This element in conclusion allows the observation that although the graphical
and less archaic character of the present symbols of the Sultanate of Sulu,
there are some elements that send back to the symbolic- iconographic tradition
of the archipelago, and as through the historical vicissitudes of their country
the Sultans of Sulu have renewed own symbols without forgetting the past.
Note 1 It is necessary to emphasize that it is not an
accidental factor that the coat of arms of the Autonomous
Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) has a great resemblance with the symbols
and colors of the flag, coat of arms and logo of the Sultanate.
Bibliography:
Hernandez, F., J. Hernandez Gavira, The Muslim World , 1927/199, Foundation
for the advancement of Science Education, Diliman Quezon City, Philippines 1999
(edit by Lilia Hernandez Chung ).
Ututalum, S.A. / A.K. Hedjazi , The Rise and Fall of the Sulu Islamic Empire
(1675-1919 ) , Professional Press, Chapel Hill, 2002 U.S.A.
Gowing, P.G., Mandate in Moroland. The American Government of Muslim Filipinos
1899-1920, New Day publ., Quezon City , 1983. Philippines
Sorando, L. ed., Catalogues and Notes on Flags of the "Sultania de Joló",
Museo del Ejercito, Madrid, Spain.
Heisser, David C. R., Crescent Kris and Vinta: The Arms and Seals of Mindanao
and Sulu, The Flag Bulletin No.177, Sept.- Oct. 1997, Volume XXXVI, No. 5
Madaus, Michael, The Application of Inductive Research Techniques to Two
Vexillological Challenges. Report of the Seventh International Congress of
Vexillology, The Flag Bulletin Nos. 3 - 5 1980, Volume XIX pp.206-231.
Royal Panji - Flags and Symbols of the
Royal Sultanates of Sulu - Ranao Area and Maguindanao
![[Sultan Khairam III flag]](../images/p/ph_sjk3.gif)
image by Jaume Ollé, 9 April 2012
Described as Sultan Khairam III flag by Jaume Ollé, relisted as Flag of
Sultan Jamalul Kiram III by Paolo Paddeu who added Jamalul Kiram III is not
considered a true Sultan by most of all Suluans.
Jaume Ollé, 16
April 2012
![[Sultan Khairam III flag]](../images/p/ph_sulu1898.jpg)
image located by Bill Garrison, 30 May 2020
Sultanate of Sulu - Moro Flag - Philippine-American War - Lt. Furlong & Capt. Buttner. Between 1899 and 1913, the inhabitants of the southern Philippines refused to acquiesce to U.S. authority, professing nominal loyalty to the Sultanate of Sulu. They evolved a "war flag," likely, and perhaps ironically, based on the "Stars and Stripes," consisting generally of a flag with a dark blue almost black canton bearing stars and traditional weapons of war displayed on red field. War flags of this type were commonly used by the combatants of these islands and became desirable trophies for American soldiers.
The flag is a homemade, 27" X 40", wool/cotton, 5-star, single applique, hand-sewn flag finished with a cotton header and ties at the upper and lower hoist. The flag is inscribed on the upper reverse hoist, "MORO CAPT. BUTTNER." The term moro is Spanish reference to a member of any of several Muslim peoples of the southern Philippines. It derives from the Spanish word for the people of Morocco, the Moors, and, by extension, to all Muslims. Capt. Buttner, is a reference to a career U.S. Army officer Capt. Julius C. Buttner (1878-1954), who acquired the flag in 1909 from then Lt. (later Captain) Leonard Furlong of the Philippine Constabulary.
The Sultanate of Sulu (1405-1915), was a Muslim state that ruled the islands of the Sulu Archipelago, all or parts of, Mindanao, Palawan, Jolo, Borneo, Sabah, and Kalimantan. In its prime, circa 1675, it was a thalassocracy wielding supreme theocratic and political power over the Sulu Sea, until various western powers arrived - Spanish, British, Dutch, French, and German - all of whom colonized portions of the sultanate. The last were the Americans, who took their mantle from Spain after the Spanish American War.
The "war flags" of the Moros were universally red, with a dark blue, almost black canton bearing five stars for the Sulu archipelago, Palawan, Basilan, Sabah (North Borneo and Kalimantan. On the fiel were their ceremonial weapons of war the Kris, the spear and religious symbols, often crescent and star. There were often local variants, but these attributes were ubiquitous.
This flag was originally acquired by Leonard Furlong (1877-1911), an officer in the Philippine Constabulary. An infantry officer, Furlong went to the Philippines in 1900 with the 2nd Infantry. When the 2nd returned to the U.S. in 1903, he remained in the Philippines as 3rd Lt. with the Philippine Constabulary. Lt. Furlong soon won a reputation as a fearless and respected fighter and inspirational leader. He commanded 1st Cotabato Co., Moro Constabulary, a mixed Christian/Muslim unit on Mindanao. He would remain constantly in the field for six years and would be recommended for the Constabulary Medal of Valor four times before it was awarded in 1907, one of only 16 Americans accorded that honor. Where he acquired this flag remains unknown, but it was likely on Mindanao. He was eventually promoted Captain and, in 1909, conveyed this flag to Capt. Julius C. Buttner, the Senior Inspector of the Philippine Constabulary.
Capt. Buttner would go on to serve in WWI as the Supply Officer for the 305th Infantry, 77th Division in France. He would retain this flag until 1949, when he gifted it to Dr. Rungee.
While Moro flags are well known, documented battle flags associated with known officers rarely come to market. This flag is for an advanced collector of Philippine Campaign, Philippine Constabulary, Mindanao Campaign or Moro artifacts.
Awards: Capt. Leonard Furlong: Philippine Constabulary Medal of Valor. Capt. Julius Butner, Philippine Campaign Medal, WWI Victory Medal with three campaign Stars.
Condition: The flag is in good condition. It is used, worn, and lightly soiled with some wear on the fly edge.
This flag was formerly in the collection of Dr. Clarence Rungee, and is accompanied by his original museum inventory sheet with identifying information.
Bill Garrison, 30 May 2020